Instructional materials

PICTURES: pictures are other visual aids . They are mainly two types one is teachers made and ready made . Those prepared  by the teacher him/ herself  is teacher made and those which are already made and those which are already made by other are  ready made. Normally, matchstick  figures, drawings, pictures, flash cards are teachers made and  wall papers , posters ,photographs, magazine ,pictures can be used for varieties of purpose such as to teach language skills , language aspects,grammar and so on.
          They help  to create a good learning environment. The class will be lively and enjoyable by the help of pictures. Students will be motivated in the classroom activities and language skills will be developed by the help of them . Use of mother tongue may be reduce by the help of pictures poor hearing students can also get benefit them.
 Wall charts and posters
Wall charts and wall poster are street maps of a city showing roads,schools,colleges, hospitals,parks,lawn,public place, turning and so on . They are large diagrams display cards
. They are composite pictures and are very helpful to teach grammar, language skills- speaking, writing etc.

Realia:Realia is one of the most important visual aids. It refers to those real objectives which can be brought in to the class and used as visual aids for teaching learning purpose. the things like pen, exercise book, students book and others materials  found or brought in the classroom for teaching can be used as realia. it is the easiest kind of visual aids, as it doesn't need any kindsof presentation. But it possesses a power of providing clear concept.it gives concepts by the help of it's taste, size,colour,smell,weight,or other qualities.
flash cards?-A flash card is a piece of  card board or thick paper about 8O 6 inches(20*15  centimeters) on which a word , a phrase or a sentences is written in big letters'' . The alphabets , words, phrases , sentences and pictures on the flash cards should be visible from the back of the classroom.you should make your writing and pictures attractive as well. You can make your flash cards with the help of your students or colleagues in your class or outside the class before the lesson begins.
     Flash cards are helpful to teach vocabulary, reading comprehension , language skills , and  structures and to stimulate choral reading effectively .They are use to help students read whole words,phrases or sentences without analyzing them in to syllables or letters. They are very useful materials as they can be hold up and flashed rapidly and also very easy to be prepare and stored.the size of them can be increased to make word letters,words phrases,sentences or pictures visible from the back of large class.simple drawing,colourful writing on flash-cardsclarifies the meanings and attract the attention of the students.