How to teach or learn anything in 8 different ways:

  One of the most remarkable features of the theory of multiple intelligence is  how it  provides eight different potential pathways to earning. If a teacher is having difficulty reaching a students in the more traditional linguistic or logical ways of instruction, the theory of multiple intelligences suggests several other ways in which  the  material might be presented to facilitate effective learning. Whatever you are a kindergarten teacher, a graduate school instructor or an adult learner seeking better ways of pursing self- study on any subject of  interest, the same
basic guidelines apply. Whatever you are teaching or learning, see how you might connect with_                                    


*) Words
*) Numbers or logic
*) Pictures
*) music
*) Self- reflection
*)    Physical experiences
*) Social experiences
*) Experience in the natural world
             For example  , if you are teaching or learning about the LAW OF SUPPLY and demand in economics, you might read about it., study mathematical  formulas - that  express  it, examine a graphic chart  that illustrates the principle ( SPATIAL) , observe the law in the natural worandld. in the human world of commerce ; examine the law in terms of your own body. { e.g_ when you supply your body with lots of food, the hunger demand goes down: when there is very little supply, your stomach's demand for food way up and you get hungry: and / or write a song that demonstrates the law.
   You don't have to teach or learn something in all eight ways , just- see what the possibilities and then decide which particular pathway interest you the most or seem to be the most effective teaching or learning tools. The theory of multiple intelligences  is so intriguing because it expands our horizon of available teaching and learning tools beyond the conventional linguistic and logical methods used in most schools( lecture,textbook, writing assignments,  formulas etc.To get started, put the topic of whatever you'r interested in teaching about in the centre of  a blank sheet of papre and draw eight straight lines or ' spokes' rediating out from this topic.  Label each line with a different intelligence. Then start brainstorming ideas for teaching or learning that topic and write down ideas next to each 
intelligence( this is spatial- inguistic approve of branstorming.

Language Learning and Teaching

   The  term of ' language' refers to gaining   knowledge or skills; experiences being taught. It means to become aware of something through information or observation or it is a process of realization, whereas, teaching is the way of giving instructions to someone or cause someone to know or be able to do something.
      Some  scholars have defined learning and teaching from past to present. Therefore , it's better to study those traditional definitions of learning as the starting point of the subject matter. A  search in contemporary dictionaries revels that language learning is , '' acquiring or getting knowledge of a subject of or a skill by study , experiences or institution   . Oxford advanced  learner's dictionary states  learning as ''knowledge   obtained by study.''  A more specialized definition by  Kimble
  and  Garment is learning is a relatively permanent change in a behavioral tendency and is the result of reinforced practice''.
     Similarly ,teaching is defined by search in contemporary dictionaries as ,'' showing  or   helping someone to   learn how to do something   giving instructions, guiding in the study of something, providing with knowledge, causing to know or understand.'' Teaching is  to cause to be able to do something.
    To put in short , learning is acquring is knowledge , retention of information or skills , and  a habit     information, wherease, language  learning   is acquring knowledge of language and information of language habit.  On the other learn, setting the conditions for learning language. The teacher should understand the learning nature of the learners while teaching. The philosophy of education, teaching, teaching style, approach, method and technique will determined the understanding of how the learner learns.
      We have discussed a little about learning and teaching in general. But here, our main concern is language learning and teaching. When we talk about language learning and teaching  we may raise some questions like- Are language learning and teaching  similar to other types of  learning and teaching? Can any one say how a learner learns language? these are genuine questions.  There are manly two different schools of tought to satisfy the answer of the questions in the field of language learning; Behaviourism and cognitivism. Still, it is very complex to define language learning. Behaviourism   and   collectivism. Still, it is very complex  to define language  learning. Behaviorists believe that language is  a form of behavior in much the same way other types of learning take place. Language learning means formations of the habits.   The model of  stimulus - response- reinforcement  account for  how a human baby learns a language. It believes that child's mind is ' tabula rasa' a blank sheet of paper . It means what someone wants to learn that is traced on it. It needs rigorous practice. On the other hand, positivism opposed  the behaviorists ' view in language learning on  the basic of  other model of language learning. It argues that language is not a form of behavior, on the contrary, it is an intricate rule- based system. Child's mind is not like a blank sheet of paper. It has one advance mechanism that is called language Acquisition Device. It is already there within the child. Therefore, language learning can be said as a peculiar phenomenon and almost unsolved mystery.

Importants of method for teaching English

 Method  is the process of teaching. In quizzical   language people say's that'' Teaching is an art''. I'm surely agree with this statement. Teaching is not so easy job . ti is hard then other jobs. While the teacher is teaching  he must use five process. one of them is specific objective, Teaching materials, Teaching methods, Evaluation and homework are the  parts of teaching  or we can also say    parts of lesson plan. All of them method is most important for the teaching. When the students can't get good marks in the exam there's said to be that  that teacher not teaches well , or he is uncapable .  Thats the problem. Because of   he dont know the knowledge of teaching method. So we can say's that method is the most important of teaching English.Without teaching anybody can't teach effectively or well.And students can't   understand well. 
      In the world context English is most important or international language. Teaching and learning is specially used in school,college to improve knowledge and develop skills. It is or English is most   important parts of our life. English    is a light that drives   away  the ignorance from us. It broadens our mind . Now a days human and English are inseparable. Method is a wisdom by which we analyze how to can learn and can't learn. So , or as a result there is need method and specially, teaching English it's most important.

Lesson Planning

 A lesson plan is a framework for a lesson. If you think a  lesson is like a journey, then a lesson plan is a map. It shows where you start, where you  finish and which route you are taking to get there.
  Lesson plans are guides for teachers who are either new or experienced. They are the product of teacher's thoughts , ideas about their classes for the objectives she wants to meet after the lesson.
    The models or types of lesson plan are as many as the teacher. The trainee teachers mostly have to produce  a very detailed lesson plans, with descriptions not only of each activity but also listing questions and all the illustrations they are going to provide the class. The time,each activity consumes, should also be included. In a full- time teaching situation, however,it may not be practical, it is expected that the teacher should prepare a detailed lesson plan that they teach.
   For some teachers it may not be necessary to write a detailed lesson plan,less detailed lesson plan can be comprehensive for them Experienced teachers can plan the lesson very quickly, just jotting down all the important aspects of it.
   For successful teaching,lesson plan is an important factor to fulfil the objectives. To illustrate it let's imagine a journey but with no idea where you are going. You are the driver of bus full of passengers. You have to drive them for a particular periodf of time, with no idea  where you have to go and how to get there. It may be an interesting journey, full of fun, singing, dancing, joking, and interacting but it would get lost and all the passengers  would't be  happy at last. Similarly, if you imagine a lesson is like a journey, and then lesson plan is like a map. it identifies your objectives and helps to select the materials to meet the objectives. It encourages the teacher to engage the classroom and also focuses the subject matter. It gives chance to predict possible problems in the class and think about ways to deal with them by investigating related area.

Uses of Teaching aids

a) Blackboard/Chalkboard
    Blackboard is also called Chalkboard   . It is a symbol of the classroom.   as it is placed  in front of the class. Blackboard is   better to say Chalkboard since it is not only black. It is in different colour i.e black, white and green. It is in rectangular shape but it's size varies according to the size of classroom and level of the students . Blackboard is the most useful display device for teaching foreign language in developing countries like Nepal where other   teaching facelities are not easily   avaliable. It can be  divided in to three parts for the using purpose. They   are
     
Reference  area : in this area  , the  teacher writes a summary, notes, important points that need keeping long time during the whole   class

Working area:     in this area, the teacher  writes

Songs and rhymes

   Oxford Advance Learner Dictionary states that song is a poem set to music and intented to be sung. And sameness of sound between words or syllabebus is rhymes. Like other teaching aids, songs and rhymes are also principal supplementary aids. They provide us resources to teach and listen but they are not everything. They help to develop language proficiency as they motivate students in the classroom . They learn songs and rhyms by heart and apply them in real life situations. It is easy to understand  the  lesson because of gestures,mimes,postures and facial expresson while singing. Students can learn more with fun as they sing by thrir heart. They provide the chance of a pace learning in the class. They provide an excellent means for introducing,
revewing vocabulary and idioms. They are equally helpful to teach sound patterns and  strees. Different foreign cultures can also be learnt by the help of songs and rhymes. Some examples of them are fallows:

        1) The farmer's in his din
                 The farmer's in his din
                    E-l-E-L, The farmer's in his din.
                 The farmer wants a wife............
                      The wife wants a child........
                             The child wants a nurse....
                                  The nurse wants a dog.....

                                           We all pat the dog.

                2)The less he spoke
                    the more he heard;
                    The more he saw
                    The less he spoke.

         3)A wise old ow
            Lived in an oak;
        
                4)'' Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat.

                    Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
                   Where have you been?
                 '' I'have been to london
                  To look at the queen.''
                     ''What did you see there ?
                      '' I saw a little mouse
                   Under her chair.''

Teaching Reading

 Reading is the third and a receptive skill., it is a  skill of literacy as it is normally learnt after going school either formal or informal. But it is inseparable form other language skill. Simply, reading means recognition of  scripts and the verbalisation of letters. It is  not only comprehensiveness graphic symbols but also grasping knowledge, getting information and understanding of message- imparted by and sort of writing moreover, the highest achievement of a  good reader is marked by the attainment of reading for all purpose.
        A good reader doesn't  look every letters and words one by one. He/ She tries to take the meaning of a block of words at a time. He moves his eyes quickly making long jump and short pause. He has a long eye span. He doesn't move his lips and point letters with finger tip and tip of pen/ pencil while reading.  Going back and repeating words again and again reader moves his eyes slowly taking short jumps and making a long pause . He fails to understand easily, guessing meaning from the context can't be possible. Instead, he goes back and repats the same again and again, perhaps consulting dictionary for each and every new word.
    a) Why is reading ?
       There may be many reasons of  of doing reading . Some people read something to get detailed information of the texts. Others may read to enteration, to learn grammar, vocabulary and some read to get the gist of a text and locate important information from the long text as well. Chris sowton mentions the following points for the reason behind reading.

1 Students read to improve their reading skills like faster reading, understanding text detail.
2) Reading can be an opportuanity for the learners to see exercises particularly grammar structurs in a meaningful context.
3) Knowing the texts will help students answer some questions in the exam.

Teaching writing

  Writing is the most difficult and complex skill of language. It is the most permanent record of  communication which can be transmitted from one generation to another generations. It is the process of converting   vocal sounds in to graphic symbols, that is to say. changing oral sounds in to visul records. It is the process of putting down the graphic symbols  that represents a language so that other can read those graphic symbols if they know symbols and language . It is not only representing sounds by graphic symbols but also the complex and sometimes difficult to teach as it requires many components like pronunciation, spelling. sequences. creativity. stylistic skill. judgement skill and so on, it is a powerful medium of expression, It preserves the treasure of culture  heritage through one generation to other generation.

What is Grammar?

  '' Grammar is set of rules that define how words are combined or changed to form acceptable units of meaning within a language''(penny)
   '' A grammar is a way that accounts for both the structure of the target language and ir;s communicative use''
         The above definition reveal that grammar is a system of language,It deals with the combination of linguistic items to express acceptable unites of meaning. It is not just combining or patterning of items but dealing with how a language pattern plays role in their communicative  functions.The definition of language is depends upon the n approach of language viewing. The grammer teaching method is is the product of their approach. Grammer is universal aspect but different languages have different grammer which make every language unique. Therefore, foreign language learners do not, normally, know grammatical  rules of target language and they feel difficult to learn it properly. They should be taught grammar for the use of correct and appropriate language in real life situation.
       Some people think that grammer is a dry. rude and boring subject to teach and learn with negative attitude towards it.   In the past,  the teacher used to enlist out just pattern of grammar on the whiteboard and supply the entencesaccording to the pattern . Later on another approach i.e. inductive   approach came as more impressive way of teaching grammar which deals with the teaching grammar from examples to rule. Students are taught grammar in context not in isolation. The inductive approach focuses on teaching grammar in communicative way.

What is instructional planning

   Teaching is very difficult and responsiable job that impresses the learners 's behaviour, future, attitude, his present and his entire course of life. Therefore,teacher himself/ herself should posses different positive qualities to impress the leartners.
      Just entaring in to the class, only giving lectures and  going out from the classroom is not duty of a good teacher. There are many factors responsible to be the best teacher. first of all, she should aleays commitments, devotion and dedication for teaching. She should always be fit , punctual, ready, responsible and well - prepared asx well. It is also the fact that,m best teacher may  be the worst if he loses his duties once. Thererfore, being the best teacher is not easy task; insted it is very complicated and never ending task.
   the prepared teacher needs to know clearly about the job she is going to do before starting the lesson. she should be clear about the language she is going to use. skills she3is focusing, learning aids available in the surroundings, techiniques in teaching, arrangement of activities and classroom management to fulfil the objectives of the lesson. Beside these, she should know the purpose, activities, materials and the way to evaluate to find out the learning .To define all the thing the teacher should plan before starting the lesson. This process of planning for teaching is called instructional planning.

Incl;usive Environment

  '' Inclusive refers to the opportunity for persons with a disability to participate fully in all of the educational, employment consumer, recreational, community and domestic activities that typify every day society.
     " Inclusive Education is a process of addressing and responding to the diversity of needs of all learners on the classroom, in the school and on the society and there by  reducing exclusion within and from education no matter what cases for exclusion could be.
      From the above mentioned definition it has been stated that there are diversity of needs of all learners in the classroom. A classroom is a miniature socirty in the sense that it is heterogeneous in some way. It is in terms of sex,different social background, there learning poteniality, physical disabilityies like poor- eyesight poor- hearing, handicapped and so on. Socially excluded; economically poor conflict victmized, HIV affected learners. They have varities of needs.  To cater all the needs there should be inclusive environment  in the class room without any types of bias and with equal value of all.

A well- balanced lesson

  A balanced lesson is another factor of successful teraching. it encourage social interaction, communication and language exposure. A well_balanced lesson consists of real social interaction and an opportunity to use language independely. The environment is created for real communication between learners. There should be plenty of exposure to natural spontaneous. The balanced in social interaction, communication and exposure is the feature of well balanced lesson.
  The language teacher should create the environment to encourage the learners to use target language,involve in real social interaction in target language with their friends. There should be balanced between presentation and practice in respect to the activities. The balanced should be in classroom management i.e, without separating  zones for girls and boys as well. Below, there is ' A Model for classroom interaction' taken from Byrne.

Effective Presentation

Successful teaching is also based on how the subject matter is presented.To learn something new, students need to be able to perceive and understand it.  One of the teacher's jobs is to mediate suchg new materials so that it will be accessible for inital learning. This kind of mediation is called presentation.''the term presentation is not for the limited and controlled modeling by the teaching while introducing new language item, but also the initial encounter with comprehensiable in put in the form of spoken or written texts as well as various kinds of exolanati0ons, instructions and  discussion of new language items or tasks. It is the way of introducing the subject matter in class generally done before the students engage in the work but sometimes there can be possibilities of presentation after the students have engaged. The ability to mediate new teaching item is one of the most important skills of teaching  skills of teaching which helps to learn to item and to built the step for further reading. Different factors are responsible to make the presentation effective: they are communication, eye - contact, interation , teacher's movement and so on.
     Communication  means ways of expressing ideas, opinions and emotions. it is a orocess of sharing ideas, elicting and exchanging the messages. Same piecs of message can be expressed differently by different or the same person in different situations. That is say, the way of communication vasries from person to person.

Instructional Managment

  Instructional management is very important aspect of successful teaching and learning. It includes suitable classroom facilities such as furniture , teaching aids (i.e. blackboard, white board, graph board and so on.), (text books  supplementary  materials , classroom setting,teachers movement, and classroom interactions and so on.
    Beside these , instructional  management also deals with the procedure for grouping students for different types of activities.Preparation of lesson plan and their procedure , handling of equipments , creating conducive environment are also the important factors of instructional management. The major aspect of classroom management. may be the role of teachers is grouping students keeping in view the variables such as the inclusion of sex. Competence socio-cultural  background and so on. If the teachers have these knowledge skills of managing classrooms. They can learn many things from such classes .Even the must effective activities become worthless if they are not organized properly .
   Although there is the importance of classroom management for effective language teaching, from the study it has been found that ''the classroom setting of most of the government aided schools at primary  level of some remote parts of  many country is not suitable for beginners.The small crowded classroom with polished cemented chalk board attached on the front wall, each the principal teaching material.Teachers do not seem to be prepared for the lesson .There is a narrow space  left between blackboard and the first row benches which brings problem for the teachers movement.Similarly, space between two columns is found  very narrow as result, most of the teachers do not  try to conduct different activities to develop communicative compentence . Students have been found setting up separating the zones for boys and girls''.

How to make classroom Effective

  '' The great person doesn't do different thing, but does the thing differently.''
         It is true that, successful person doesn't do different thing but does same thing differently and artfully.Is it case in classroom teaching ? The answer is certenly ' yes'. only setting up objectives, preparing teaching aids, choosing methodology of teaching can not make our lesson successful. there are other very important aspects a teacher should manage for the successful teaching. Some important factors for successful teaching are the instructional management, effective presentation, communicative activities, and student - apprasial and so on .
             A well known slogan of  this Millennium is ''Educational for all'' has been passed in different international conventions in different time. 'Special Need Education'. 'Special Education' have been practised and still been practising to meat the goals. Now a days inclusive education has been highlighted globally. The lesson should be managed to address all types of learners  having cifferent problems/learning characteristics.
         There may be many learner having different problems of poor eye sight, poor hearing, handicapped,conflict vitmized, pregnant, HIV effected in the classroom. Besides,there are students eith individual difference. They have different learning potentialities. Some may be word smart, music-smart, people smart, nature smart ,picture smart, number smart and so on.Therefore, it is complicated task to teach catering multiple intelligences and handling overall range of diversity. There are some tips that help to make your lesson successful.

Different Method of Teaching

. a) Simple-response drill
 In this method students have to creat something.In this drill, the teacher provides a language pattern in the form of questions and students require giving a short response.The students have to understand the questions asked by the teacher and think of the appropriate answer immediately.It is a little more communicative drill in comparison to imiation drill because communicative meaning is taken account here.
 While cnducting this drill the teacher should ask very simple questions may be related to them,their family and classroom so that the students do not have to thinkm seriously about the subject matter because they are the most familiar matter for them.
For exmmple:
1)Teacher : what's your name?
   Students: my name is Tom.
    Teacher: where are you from?
    Students:I'm from new work city.
     (and so on)



2) Teacher : (holding a book  ) is it a book ?
   Student: Yes,it is.
   Teacher: (holding a pen) is it a pen?
   Students : Yes , it is.
   Teacher:(holding a bag)is it a bag?
    Students:Yes ,it is.
     {and so on}

   The teacher may  conduct this deill in way; in chrus, demi-chorus or individually according to needs.
b) Cue Drills    
             Drilling is one of the teacher-centered techniques based on the behaviourists' principle of language learning which wiews that language is a set of habits and language learning is habit formation. Habites are formed through continuous practice and repetition, there fore, only presentation of language is not sufficent for learning. It needs systematic practice of language pattern. This process of pattern practice is called drill.''Drills are supposed to train the learner to talk by helping him master the basic sttuctural patterns of language. Language habite is formed by the helping of drilling.The students some hints one by one to practice in the same form as that is iuntroduced. In this drill, certain word of the sentences is replaced by cue word or hint preserving the main structure. The main objective of it is to enable the students to handle the structure for several words.
d)pair Work
Pair works is a student- centred technique in which students can practise language together.They can study a text ,research language and take part in information gap activities in paurs. it is very use ful communicative actively as it dramatically the amount of speaking time, aiiows a students to work and interact independently with out hesitation.It helps to reduce Teacher  Talking Time(TTT) and to increase Students Talking Time (STT) during the lesson.
e) Group Work
   Like other teaching activities, group work is also a communicative actively likely to go well if it is carefully planned.every member involved in a group is intrested, active and thoughtful. it can help learning by providing an opportunity for learns to get exposure to language practice.It provides opportunity to learn language  items and language functions. it allows learner to develop fluency in new language, and also to learns the content .

Other Method of Teaching

a) Approach

    Approach refers to principles and assumptions of theory.  It is a set of correlative assumptions dealing with the nature of language,language teaching and learning. An approach is axiomatic (ie. state ofxz being accepted as true without further proof or argument) which describes the nature of the subject matter to be taught.It states broad philosophy and idifferent theories about - the nature of language and process of language learning. It is believed but not easly be tested.
   According to Anthony  '' approach is the level at which assumptions and belief about language and language learning are specified,It refers to theories about the nature of langu7age and language learning that serves as the nsource of practice and principles in l;anguage teaching.''

b)Method

    Anthony states,''a method is an overall plain for the orderly presentatioin of language material,no part of which contradicts, all of wehich is based upon, the selected approach,Within one4 approach, there can be many methods. Amethod is theoretically realized in procedure. So,it is procedural.it is the level at which theory is put in to practice and at which choices are made about the particular skills to be tasught , the conten t to be taught, and the order in which the content will be presented.
  A method is a way of teaching language, a set of activities or a collection of techiniques based on systmatic  principle and  an approach. ait is the backbone of language teaching that can be changed according n to the new experiences and researches.There are many method to be used is based on how2w language viewed.method should be used on the basic of age, cultural background  of students and objectives of the course.

c)   Techniques:

    '' A technique is implementaational-that actually takes place in the classroom. It is particular trick, stragem or contrivance used to accomplish an immediate objective. Techiniques must be consistent with a method and therefore in harmony, wit5h an approach as well.
  A technique is the le3vel at which classroom procedures nare4 described. It is an observational and measrable activity.it may be varied according to place,person,time,level and soi on.Different techniques can used to teach a particular item.To conclude that t6here have been rigorous attempt to introduce better ways of  teaching foreign language for centuries ,though,Grammar-Translation Method,Direct Method OSS Approach and communicative App[roach will be our focus.

Teaching Vocabulary

Vocabulary can be roughly defined as the word we teach in the foreign language.However,there are many new items of vocabulary which combine more than one words. phrasal verbs like- put on, looking forward to etc.and idioms like as a matter of fast, as the crow flies etc.Consist of more than one words but they are counted as single item science they convey single meaning. Therefore, the better way of conving these conditions is to say- a vocabulary is the item we teach in the foreign language.
While teaching vocabulary , the teacher should teach the pronunciation and spelling, different forms used in different contexts. Along with the base form , we might provide the ideas of past form to find out whether the verb is regular or irregular and we might note whether it is transitive or intransitive. We can also give an ideas for preposition it takes and provide the ideas of singular and plural forms. Beside these, the idea of word combination should also be taught to the students.
It may be worth teaching which words go together while teaching new items for e.g make or take decision or conclusion, throw a ball/toss a coin. Vocabulary should be taught from different angle. We should teach it's denotation(direct) meaning, connotation (indirect) meaning and it's appropriateness of using in the given context.
It is important to teach synonyms,antonyms,hyponyms(dog is the hyponyms of animal) and mother tongue equivalence.
It is also necessary to teach word formation of the items, common prefixes and sufrfixes which goes to the particular items.

Different Techniques for Language Teaching

a)Demonstration
The dictionary meaning of demonstration is the   process of showing something  by giving proof  or evidence .It is the instance of showing and explaining how something works.Technically, demonstration implies the presentation of a pre-arranged serious of events of equipments to a group of students for their observation,  it is the most frequently used technique in science, fine arts and other events.It can be used for giving information,knowledge and training. It is very useful for the students to learn by seeing and doing .                                   

b) Explanation

    Explanation is a process of making something plain or clear by giving the meaning of something .It  is a process of giving a reason or  accounting for something.
 The main objective of explanation is to enable students to take strong interest in to the lesson to understand the message conveyed by the  explainer or the narrator to develop insight and understanding of something how to do it . It implies making ideas, opinions, concepts, events and actions clear. It is a teacher  -centred technique in language teaching as it develops insight and understanding of subject matter  very clearly.

c)Drills
Drilling is one of the teacher-centered  techiniques based on the behaviourists'principle of language learning which views that language is a set of habites and language learning is a habit information. Habits are formed through continuous practice and reprtion, therefore, only presentation  of language is not sufficent for learning. It needs systmatic practice of language pattern. This process f pattern practice is called drill.'' Drill are supposed to train the learner to talk by helping him master the basic  structural patterns of the language,Language habit is formed by the help of drilling. It is one of the most important techniques mainly used in OSS approach.
 Many scholars have defined different types of drills; meaningless and meaningful; other mention that there are twevel types of pattern practice for the classrom and in laboratory: They are 
Repetition,Restatement,Expansion,Integration,Inflection,Completion,Contraction,Rejoinder,Replacement,Translation ,Transformation,Restoration.
Although there are different classifications  of drills by different scholars, our main concern is to  talk about mainly types of drills because our main focus is teaching language to the beginners. Therefore, the most practicable and simpler drills should be conducted at the beginning.They are -imitation drill,Simple- response drill,  Cue drill.

The Communicative Approach

 Communicative Approach belongs to  the changes and movements in the field of language teaching in British language teaching tradition dating  from the later 1960s. Until then, situational language Teaching represented the major Britis h approach in language teaching . In situational Language Teaching,  Language was taught    by practising  basic structures  in meaningfu situation -based activites.But just as the lingustic theory underlying Audio- linguist,Noam chomsky, demonstrated that the current standered of structural theories of language teaching were incapable of accounting the nature and fandamental characteristicts of language.British  Applied Linguist addressed another functiopnal and communicative potential of language.They saw the need of focus in language teaching on commmnicative proficiency  rather    than the mastery of structure.
   The main gole of communicative Approach is to communicate in target language . it states that Students need to know different  forms to perform a functional and a  single form for different functions. Moreo ver, they must be able to choose the appropriate form for particular function in a particular context.Therefore,communicative competence along with the  knowledge of linguistic competence is the key point of communicative Approach and the procedural design to meet the goal of communicative Approach is communicative method.

Grammer- Translation Method

Grammar -Translation method is an old method in the  field of language teaching. It was typically used  to teach latin and Greek and Latin Language.Later on, It was used to teach oither languages like sanskrit and English in all over the world . There was great infiuence of Grammar -Translation Method in ninteen century in the field of language teaching. many mcountries like nepal are still using this Method in some parts to teach english.

   Grammar-Translation method[in short G.T] , as it's name suggests, focuses on the two aspects: Grammar and Translation. Here , grammar is taught on the belief that language is a set of rules. it views language learning means learning the mrules. Rules are the  grammar of the language .Therefore, teaching lan guage means teaching grammar. It defines language as a means of culture transmission.Culture is transmitted through works of literature ,poem,histoiry and othert aesthetic value. Translation is the main  way of cultural translation.
   The main focus of Grammer - Translation Method is reading and writing.Reading is done by translating the target language in to mother tongue of the learner.Some words are selected randomly and taught in isolation bygiving mother tongue equivalent.Grammar was taught deductively[ie .rules are listed first  and sentences are provided later].

Approach, Method and Techniques

Foreign language teaching has a long history. It has the story of about three countries.Many different theories, principle and approaches have been introduced and implemented in the field of language teaching. Different teaching methods and techniques have been developed on the basis of different approaches for betterment of foreign language learning . Grammar- Translation method was used at    first to teach foreign language in the world. Because of   draw3backs Direct method was introduced.After that,Audio-Lingual    Method ,communicative method,task based method,problem solving method and computer Assirying sted language Learning method respectively and have been using  now a   days . Methodologists   are  regorously trying to introduced and implement different approaches and methods one by one in the field of language teachinng .
   The process of developing new and new methodology  has been contining  from past to present. However , no teaching method is perfect to teach each and every language item at time and equally popular forever.A particular approach method may be very effective and can earn popularity  for a particular duration of time.That can be date expired for  other time.

Why do people learn foreign language?

Human being is gifted by the nature.Sometimes,there may be opportunity of learning other language. The environment, needs of  individual, interest and other factors influence to learn more than one language.I n modern time, many people want to learn/ posses many languages, becoming bilingual or multilingual is the  way of life.Human being struggle to reach to new way of thinking, living,new knowledge from different activities  .It is the nature of human being .but the purpose of learning other language   may be different. They learn other languages  for many reasons. The attraction of learning other languages  has been increasing now a days, English may be learnt because it is included in  school curriculum; it is means of advancement, and source of learning about the t5arget language community. The purpose of learning  of English may be for occupational or academic purpose. it may also be learnt  to know bculture and so on.

 People learn English as it is an international language. Many scientific discoveries, literature, innovations are recorded in English. most of the manufactures are also labelled in English.It has become the language of contact, trade and link. For this reason, English is learnt all over the world.Nepalese children learn English for many reasons as stated above. The first reason is that iut is included as a compulsory subject from Grade one to higher education.

Language and Communication

There are different means of communication.Here,the term communication refers  to the transformation and    and reception of information between a source and a receiver using a signaling system.It is a way of conveying ideas ,emotions,feeling and opinions.Communication  is possible by different ways such as by hearing[auditory -vocal system],by seeing[visual system], by touching[ tactile  system], by smelling[olfactory system] and by tasting [ gustatory system].
Among  the other system, language is the most powerful, convenient and permanent  means and the best form of communication which serves most of the activities in the world. It  is special type if communication which has different varieties and uniqueness.It is changeable and modifiable.
 It is common to all and only human beings.It is the specific and species- uniform possession of man.It is the nature's special gift to mankind. it is a means of presenting our  thoughts,dream,prayers,meditation,expression,opinion and  our feelings. Generally speaking, our entire  perception of nature is in terms of language.Therefore ,language is a store house of knowledge. Language helps to transfer our emotions,feelings and ideas to others.
 It is a means  of communication and interaction.Besides, it is instrument of thinking as well as a source of delight.Without language, human being  would have remained as adumb animal.It is our uniqueness to communicate through vocal sounds that makes us different erom animal.
  Everyone,  in the moment of life , is concerned  practically with language. For   most part of our use of language is so automatic and natural that we need not have to pay  more attention to use it. Still ,language is with fully consistent and comprehensive theory.Therefore, seeking a complete difinition of language is just like a wild-goose chase.Seeking a we can say that language is a tool which we  can use when we like.But it's not concrete tool compared with material. It is skillful phenomenon which is made up of network of different systems.